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A torque converter in modern usage, is normally a fluid coupling which is used so as to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, like for example an internal combustion engine or an electrical motor, to a rotating driven load. Similar to a basic fluid coupling, the torque converter takes the place of a mechanical clutch. This allows the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter could offer the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque when there is a substantial difference between output and input rotational speed.
The most common type of torque converter utilized in auto transmissions is the fluid coupling type. During the 1920s there was even the Constantinesco or pendulum-based torque converter. There are other mechanical designs utilized for constantly changeable transmissions that could multiply torque. For instance, the Variomatic is one kind which has a belt drive and expanding pulleys.
The 2 element drive fluid coupling cannot multiply torque. Torque converters have an element referred to as a stator. This alters the drive's characteristics throughout occasions of high slippage and generates an increase in torque output.
There are a at least three rotating components in a torque converter: the turbine, which drives the load, the impeller, which is mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator, which is between the turbine and the impeller so that it can change oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Traditionally, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be stopped from rotating under whichever condition and this is where the term stator begins from. In point of fact, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This design prevents the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still permitting forward rotation.
In the three element design there have been changes which have been integrated periodically. Where there is higher than normal torque manipulation is required, alterations to the modifications have proven to be worthy. Most commonly, these modifications have taken the form of multiple turbines and stators. Each set has been intended to produce differing amounts of torque multiplication. Some instances consist of the Dynaflow which uses a five element converter in order to generate the wide range of torque multiplication required to propel a heavy vehicle.
Different automobile converters comprise a lock-up clutch so as to lessen heat and so as to enhance the cruising power and transmission effectiveness, though it is not strictly part of the torque converter design. The application of the clutch locks the turbine to the impeller. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical which eliminates losses associated with fluid drive.
