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The starter motor nowadays is usually either a series-parallel wound direct current electric motor that consists of a starter solenoid, which is similar to a relay mounted on it, or it can be a permanent-magnet composition. Once current from the starting battery is applied to the solenoid, mainly through a key-operated switch, the solenoid engages a lever that pushes out the drive pinion that is positioned on the driveshaft and meshes the pinion using the starter ring gear that is seen on the engine flywheel.
The solenoid closes the high-current contacts for the starter motor, that starts to turn. When the engine starts, the key operated switch is opened and a spring inside the solenoid assembly pulls the pinion gear away from the ring gear. This particular action causes the starter motor to stop. The starter's pinion is clutched to its driveshaft by means of an overrunning clutch. This permits the pinion to transmit drive in just a single direction. Drive is transmitted in this particular manner via the pinion to the flywheel ring gear. The pinion continuous to be engaged, like for instance in view of the fact that the operator did not release the key as soon as the engine starts or if the solenoid remains engaged in view of the fact that there is a short. This actually causes the pinion to spin independently of its driveshaft.
This aforementioned action stops the engine from driving the starter. This is actually an important step since this particular type of back drive would enable the starter to spin very fast that it will fly apart. Unless modifications were made, the sprag clutch arrangement will preclude utilizing the starter as a generator if it was employed in the hybrid scheme discussed earlier. Usually a standard starter motor is designed for intermittent use that will stop it being used as a generator.
Therefore, the electrical components are intended to operate for just about less than 30 seconds to be able to avoid overheating. The overheating results from very slow dissipation of heat due to ohmic losses. The electrical parts are designed to save cost and weight. This is the reason nearly all owner's instruction manuals meant for automobiles recommend the operator to stop for a minimum of 10 seconds right after each 10 or 15 seconds of cranking the engine, if trying to start an engine that does not turn over immediately.
In the early 1960s, this overrunning-clutch pinion arrangement was phased onto the market. Prior to that time, a Bendix drive was used. The Bendix system operates by placing the starter drive pinion on a helically cut driveshaft. As soon as the starter motor starts spinning, the inertia of the drive pinion assembly allows it to ride forward on the helix, hence engaging with the ring gear. When the engine starts, the backdrive caused from the ring gear allows the pinion to go beyond the rotating speed of the starter. At this point, the drive pinion is forced back down the helical shaft and therefore out of mesh with the ring gear.
During the 1930s, an intermediate development between the Bendix drive was developed. The overrunning-clutch design which was made and launched during the 1960s was the Bendix Folo-Thru drive. The Folo-Thru drive consists of a latching mechanism together with a set of flyweights within the body of the drive unit. This was better in view of the fact that the typical Bendix drive used to be able to disengage from the ring as soon as the engine fired, although it did not stay running.
The drive unit if force forward by inertia on the helical shaft when the starter motor is engaged and starts turning. Afterward the starter motor becomes latched into the engaged position. As soon as the drive unit is spun at a speed higher than what is attained by the starter motor itself, like for example it is backdriven by the running engine, and after that the flyweights pull outward in a radial manner. This releases the latch and allows the overdriven drive unit to become spun out of engagement, therefore unwanted starter disengagement could be avoided previous to a successful engine start.
